Allahamdulillah!
We shall discuss the rulings about Iddha and exceptions are not included here.
1- Time period:
The ‘iddah of a woman whose husband has died is four months and ten days, because Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
“And those of you who die and leave wives behind them, they (the wives) shall wait (as regards their marriage) for four months and ten days”
[al-Baqarah 2:234]
This period begins when the husband dies, and ends when the time is over, whether the wife adheres to the rulings on mourning or not, and whether she knows of her husband’s death or not. When four months and ten days have passed from the time of his death, then her ‘iddah ends.
The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “it is not permissible for a woman who believes in Allaah and the Last Day to mourn for any one who dies for more than three days, except for a husband, four months and ten days.” Agreed upon
Note: These months has to be calculated as per Islamic calendar. The Iddah for pregnant women will differ
2 - Place of iddha :
The woman who is in ‘iddah following the death of her husband has to stay in her marital home until her ‘iddah ends.
It was narrated from Abu Sa‘eed al-Khudri (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Prophet (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) said to his sister al-Furay‘ah bint Maalik (may Allah be pleased with her): “Stay in the house in which the news of your husband’s death came to you, until your ‘iddah is over.”
-Narrated by al-Tirmidhi, 1204; Abu Dawood, 2300; al-Nasaa’i, 200; Ibn Maajah, 2031. Classed as saheeh by al-Albaani in Saheeh al-Tirmidhi.
3- Going out of home during Iddah.
Going out is of two different types:
A) One for daily needs to go out on day time, like
- Govt procedure
- Buying food for day to day needs,
- Any medical needs, etc.
B) Second type is, going out of station and travelling, again the purpose will differ (like Hajj, medical treatment, etc.)
In sha Allah, we will see that..
Point A
Ibn Qudaamah (may Allaah have mercy on him) said in al-Mughni (8/130):
The report narrated by Jaabir who said: My maternal aunt was thrice divorced and she went out to harvest her palm trees. A man met her and told her not to do that.
She mentioned that to the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and he said: “Go out and harvest your palm trees; perhaps you will give some of it in charity or do some good.” Narrated by al-Nasaa’i and Abu Dawood.
Mujahid narrated: Some men were martyred on the day of Uhud and their wives came to the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and said: O Messenger of Allaah, we feel scared at night; can we stay in the house of one of our number, then in the morning we will go to our own houses?
The Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Chat together in the house of one of your number, then when you want to sleep, each one should go to her own house.”
She does not have the right to stay overnight anywhere but in her own house, or to go out at night, except in cases of necessity, because night is a time of suspicion, unlike the day, which is the time when people go about their errands and earn a living, and buy what they need. End quote.
It says in Fataawa al-Lajnah al-Daa’imah (20/440):
The basic principle is that a woman should mourn in the house of her husband where he died, and she should not go out except in cases of need or necessity, such as going to the hospital if she falls sick or buying what she needs from the marketplace such as bread and the like, if she does not have anyone who can do that.
End quote.
Point B: Travelling during iddha:
For example - Hajj
Majmoo‘ al-Fataawa, 34/27, 28
It is not permissible for her to go out of her house for the purpose of receiving condolences, because if it is not permissible for her to go out for Hajj during the ‘iddah period, it is more appropriate that she should not go out to the house of her husband’s father in order to receive condolences and mourn for his death.
Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyah (may Allah have mercy on him) was asked about a woman who intended to go for Hajj with her husband, then her husband died in Sha‘baan. Is it permissible for her to go for Hajj?
He replied:
She does not have the right to travel for Hajj during the ‘iddah following her husband's death according to the opinion of the four imams.
Majmoo‘ al-Fataawa, 34/29
Allah knows better.
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